IJEP 42(1): 124-128 : Vol. 42 Issue. 1 (January 2022)
1. University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur, Department of Environmental Engineering, Surabaya, Indonesia
2. University of Delhi, Department of Chemistry, MNC, New Delhi, India
Abstract
Safe drinking water is one of the primary needs of human beings. Alongwith social progress water treatment technologies are also developing rapidly. Due to high population density water sources are getting contaminated through some natural and anthropogenic activities. Now the civic society of urban and rural areas are bound to new use of technology to get safe drinking water. Some people are choosing alternate ways to meet their safe water needs, for example bottled drinking water. Many technologies have been invented to fulfil need for safe drinking water and most of these technologies are based on ultraviolet (UV), ozonation, RO-reverse osmosis principles. However, involvements of risk of failure of above technologies / machines / systems / storage are also a matter of great concern. The aim of this study was to analyse failure risk possibility involved with refilled drinking water (RDW) technologies. We also observed failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) which was defined on the basis of severity, occurrence and detection in terms of risk priority number (RPN). The RDW samples were taken from 25 RDW stores / machines / places / systems, which were based on ultraviolet (UV), ultraviolet-ozonation (UV-Oz) and reverse osmosis (RO) technologies. We have analyzed various factors, such as man, habits, material, method, machine and environment to collect supporting data through observation and failure mode of RDW storage/systems. We have determined RPN on the basis of severity, detection and occurrence factors. We have observed highest RPN scale value for UV and UV-ozone technologies was contact time with water, while the highest RPN scale value for reverse osmosis was cleaning of different filter cartridges and RO membrane. The high value of RPN means high risk involved with the technology and that should be considered for further operation and maintenance.
Keywords
Refilled drinking water, Failure risk, Risk priority, Ultraviolet, Ozonation, Reverse osmosis
References
- Laura, C.S., et al. 2012. Relationship between use of water from community scale water treatment refill kiosks and childhood diarrhoea in Jakarta. American J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 87:979-984.
- Birawida, A.B., M. Selomo and A. Mallongi. 2018. Potential hazards from hygine, sanitation and bacterium of refill drinking water at Barrang Lompo island (water and food safety perspective). IOP Conf. Series : Earth Env. Sci., 157(1).
- Sari, S.Y.I., et al. 2020. Water quality and factor associated with compliance of drinking water refilling stations as a choice for middle-low urban households in developing countries. J. Water Env. Tech., 18(1):27-36.
- Uehara, T. and A. Ynacay. 2018. How water bottle refill stations contribute to campus sustainability-A case study in Japan. Sustain., 10(9):3074.
- Sari, S.Y.I., et al. 2019. Comparison of drinking water quality following boiling, household filtration and water-refill in urban slum area. J. Internet Dental Med. Res., 12(2):791.
- Edzwald, J.K. and Tobiasson. 2011. Chemical principles, source water composition and watershed protection. In Water quality and treatment : A handbook on drinking water. Ed J.K. Edzwald. McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Claxton, K. and M. Campbell-Allen. 2017. Failure modes effects analysis (FMEA) for review of a diagnostic genetic laboratory process. Int. J. Quality Reliability Manage., 34(2):265-277.
- APHA, AWWA, WEF. 2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (22nd edn). American Public Health Association, Washington D.C.
- Sima, L.C. and M. Elimelech. 2013. More than a drop in the bucket : Decentralized membrane-based drinking water refill stations in southeast Asia. Env. Sci. Tech., 47(14):7580-7588.
- Gillan, E., et al. 2019. Development of a novel off-grid drinking water production system integrating electrochemically activated solution and ultrafiltration membrance. J. Water Process Eng., 30:100 480.
- Hendrickson, C., et al. 2020. Decentralized solar-powered drinking water ozonation in Western Kenya : An evaluation of disinfection efficacy. Gates Open Res., 4:56.
- Sari, S.Y.I., et al. 2018. Water sources quality in urban slum settlement along the contaminated river basin in Indonesia : Application of quantitative microbial risk assessment. J. Env. Public Health.
