Surface Water Quality Demarcations using IDOCRIW, GIS and WASPAS for Best Drinking and Agricultural Practices in Baitarani River Basin, Odisha

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IJEP 43(13): 1153-1173 : Vol. 43 Issue. 13 (Conference 2023)

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Abhijeet Das1*, Raisul Islam2 and Prashant Sharma2

1. C.V. Raman Global University, Department of Civil Engineering, Bhubaneswar – 752 054, Odisha, India
2. GLA University, Department of Civil Engineering, Mathura – 281 406, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

River water quality has gained significance as it is being contaminated due to various human activities and needs attention to ensure sustainable safe use. Geographical information system (GIS) and water quality index (WQI), which synthesize different available water quality data into an easily understood format, provide a way to summarize overall water quality conditions in a manner that can be clearly communicated to policymakers. The present study evaluates the impacts of channelization, riverfront development, water quality deterioration and pollution sources of river Brahmani, Odisha, through integrated determination of objective criteria weights (IDOCRIW/I) and other decision-making tools. For the analysis, 13 sampling sites were selected with triplicate analysis of 22 collected water samples for a period of 10 years (2012-2022) to represent the effective impact of water quality on the selected physico-chemical parameters. The study also identifies critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The physical and chemical outcomes of the current experiment were compared to WHO standards. As per the results, turbidity and total coliform (TC) are indicators that have a greater impact on water quality in all locations during both seasons and are directly linked to home and agricultural non-point source pollution. The presence of coliform suggests that drinking water contamination is leading to water-borne diseases, like cholera, dysentery and typhoid. Therefore, in this concerned study, surface water quality was observed to be alkaline nature with a moderately hard type. Of the total studied sites, 30.76% were found to be in the poor category for both seasons, which comes under I-WQI interpretation. The visualization of the distribution maps using GIS software at 4 places, namely stations 8, 11, 1 and 13, suggests point source pollution to areas of deteriorating water quality. An approximate increase of values was witnessed in the I-WQI values at the mid-stream and downstream sites. The major issue of domestic sewage discharge with partial or no treatment into the river seems to be unresolved even after a considerable period of riverfront development. A quantifiable approach to examine temporal and spatial fluctuations was also carried out to decide the efficacy of weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS). In sites, namely stations 8, 11, 1 and 13, agricultural fertilizers, upstream wastewater discharge and fish farms constitute the main elements that decrease the quality of water for human consumption. Chemical indices, like SAR, %Na, RSC, MR, KI and PI indicate that the surface water in the study area is suitable for irrigation. Even though the geology is the main factor controlling the presence of the dissolved ions, the study shows an increase in anthropogenic contributions in some areas. Further studies are encouraged to better understand the water quality in Northern Odisha.

Keywords

Water quality, Baitarani river, I-WQI, WASPAS, Pollution, Anthropogenic factors

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