IJEP 43(14): 1332-1337 : Vol. 43 Issue. 14 (Conference 2023)
1. Ministry of Education, Education Directorate of Dhi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Iraq
2. National University of Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Thi-Qar, Iraq
3. Al-Ayen University, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Abstract
An earthquake is a temporary movement of the earth’s surface. Scientists say earthquakes have occurred for a few hundred million years, even before humans. Due to their randomness, absence of evident causes and destructive potency, earthquakes have become common and dangerous in some areas, particularly Iraq. Recent tremors have been felt in the Persian Gulf and the quakes in Iraq are assumed to have been caused by the collision of the Arab and Iranian plates near the Zagros mountains layer. Dhi Qar Governorate is recognized for its high seismic activity and similar quakes may occur again due to natural causes as well as potential human-induced ones. Seismic data were collected from several earthquakes in the region for several years and they were studied to map earthquake phenomena and understand the region’s seismic activity. This analysis considered the event’s location; a study evaluated four big occurrences, including the 2014- and 2017-year earthquake in Dhi Qar Governorate, which registered a 5.8 on the Richter scale duration, size and spectrum. The study’s findings have been disturbing, causing widespread dread and concern among the local population, emphasizing the importance of understanding the origins of these earthquakes to prevent them in the future. It has also been proven that the AL Graff oil refinery causes significant pollution due to the emission of gases from the flame as a result of the combustion of toxic carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide gas in the region, in addition to rock friction and collisions resulting from oil extraction in the earthquake zone.
Keywords
Pollution, Seismic, Time series, Cancerous diseases, Oil fields, Frequent
References
- Hardebeck, J. L. and T. Okada. 2018. Temporal stress changes caused by earthquakes: A review. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth. 123(2): 1350–1365. DOI: 10.1002/2017JB014617.
- Foulger, G.R., et al. 2018. Global review of human-induced earthquakes. Earth Sci. Rev., 178: 438–514.
- Obara, K. and A. Kato. 2016. Connecting slow earthquakes to huge earthquakes. Sci., 353(6296): 253–257.
- Richardson, E. and T.H. Jordan. 2002. Seismicity in deep gold mines of South Africa: Implications for tectonic earthquakes. Bull. Seismol. Soc. America. 92(5): 1766–1782.
- Kanamori, H. and E.E. Brodsky. 2004. The physics of earthquakes. Reports Prog. Phys., 67(8): 1429.
- Zion, Y.B., et al. 1999. Self-driven mode switching of earthquake activity on a fault system. Earth Planetary Sci. Letters. 172(1–2): 11–21. DOI: 10.1 016/S0012-821X(99)00187-9.
- Hok, S., E. Fukuyama and C. Hashimoto. 2011. Dynamic rupture scenarios of anticipated Nankai Tonankai earthquakes, southwest Japan. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth. 116(B12). DOI: 10.102 9/2011JB008492.
- Zhang, X., et al. 2021. Diverse rupture processes of the 2014 Kangding, China, earthquake doublet (MW6.0 and 5.7) and driving mechanisms of aftershocks. Tectonophysics. 820(5): 229118.
- Ellsworth, W.L. 2013. Injection-induced earthquakes. Sci., 341(6142): 1225942.
- Zoback, M.D. and A. H. Kohli. 2019. Unconventional reservoir geomechanics. Cambridge University Press.
- Atkinson, G.M., D.W. Eaton and N. Igonin. 2020. Developments in understanding seismicity triggered by hydraulic fracturing. Nat. Rev. Earth Env., 1(5): 264–277.
- Frankel, A., et al. 2018. Broadband synthetic seismograms for magnitude 9 earthquakes on the Cascadia megathrust based on 3D simulations and stochastic synthetics. Part 1: Methodology and overall results. Bull. Seismol. Soc. America. 108 (5A): 2347–2369.
- Dowrick, D.J. 2003. Earthquake risk reduction. John Wiley and Sons.
- Condori, C., et al. 2017. Calibration of the local magnitude scale (ML) for Peru. J. Seismol., 21: 987–999.
- Sollberger, D., et al. 2020. Seismological processing of six degree-of-freedom ground-motion data. Sensors. 20(23): 6904.
- Council, N.R. 2003. Living on an active earth: Perspectives on earthquake science. National Academies Press.
- Datta, T.K. 2010. Seismic analysis of structures. John Wiley and Sons.
- ISN. 2014. Monthly seismological bulletin for January 2014. Meteorological Organization, Iraqi Seismological Network.
- Hamilton, J.D. 2020. Time series analysis. Prince-ton University Press.
- Wang, C.Y. and M. Manga. 2021. Water and Earthquakes. Springer Cham.
