Impacts of Solid Waste Disposal in Keshaliya River, Biratnagar, Nepal

By /

IJEP 44(12): 1125-1130 : Vol. 44 Issue. 12 (December 2024)

Full Text

S. Bhattarai, S. Adhikaree and R.C. Adhikari*

Tribhuvan University, Department of Zoology, Degree Campus Biratnagar, 56631, Nepal

Abstract

Disposal of solid waste in an open area has drawn attention not only at the national level but also at international level as it has a negative impact on various ecological parameters. This study aims to explore the impact of improper solid waste disposal in river water. It was conducted for a year from 2022 September to 2023 August around the dumping site in Keshaliya river, which is the only dumping site in Biratnagar metropolis. Water samples were collected every month using discrete sampling method and various parameters were analyzed. The analysis of water samples showed a significant difference in upstream and downstream drainage water as pH (7.39-4.26), dissolved oxygen (2.2-4.8 mg/L) and electrical conductivity (0.49-3.40 µs/cm). A higher concentration of Fe (3596.33 mg/kg) was detected in water samples. The concentration of heavy metals in water was found in order Fe>Mn>Zn> Pb>Ni>Co>Cr>As>Cd. The study concludes there is a change in chemical properties of water, which harms the whole environment and prompt action can be suggested for the management of solid waste.

Keywords

River water, Downstream, Physico-chemical parameters, Iron, Leachate, pH, Heavy metals

References

  1. US EPA. 2016. Criteria for the definition of solid waste and solid and hazardous waste exclusions. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/hw/criteria-definition-solid-waste-and-solid-and-hazardous-waste-exclusions. Accessed on 17 Jan 2023.
  2. Geethamani, R., et al. 2020. Experimental study on the change in soil properties due to dumping of organic solid wastes. IOP Conference Series : Mater. Sci. Eng., 955: 012091.
  3. Vural, A., et al. 2017. Environmental impact of Gumushane city, Turkey, waste area in terms of heavy metal pollution. Natural Hazards. 88: 867-890. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-017-2896-1.
  4. Mor, S., et al. 2006. Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near municipal solid waste landfill site. Env. Monitor. Assess., 118: 435-456.
  5. Jeyapriya, S.P. and M.K. Saseetharan. 2010. Effect of municipal solid waste on the characteristics of soil. Poll. Res., 29: 37–41.
  6. Regmi, T., M. Ghimire and S. Shrestha. 2022. Impact evaluation with potential ecological risk of dumping sites on soil in Baglung municipality, Nepal. Env. Challenges. 8: 100564.
  7. Shrestha, U.T., J.K. Shrestha and R.P. Devkota. 2014. Assessment of water quality of kolpu khola in Sisdol landfill area of Nuwakot district. Nepal J. Sci. Tech., 15: 107–114.
  8. Dangi, M., E. Schoenberger and J. Boland. 2017. Assessment of environmental policy implementation in solid waste management in Kathmandu, Nepal. Waste Manage. Res., 35(6).
  9. Shrestha, S. 2020. Human waste coexistence in Sisdol landfill site and its impacts. OnlineKhabar.
  10. Shrestha, J.N. and K. Yadav. 2019. Fish diversity in Keshalia river, Morang district, eastern Nepal. Borneo J. Resour. Sci. Tech., 9(2): 82-93.
  11. Adhihari, R.C. 2011. Household solid waste production and its management in Biratnagar sub-metropolitan city. Bibechana. 7: 21-25.
  12. Mehta, R.S., R.C. Adhikari and B.B. Bist. 2023. Analysis of solid waste in hospitals of Lahan and Rajbiraj municipalities, Madhesh province, Nepal. Nature Env. Poll. Tech., 22(3): 1239-1249.
  13. Mishra, S., D. Tiwary and A. Ohri. 2018. Leachate characterisation and evaluation of leachate pollution potential of urban municipal landfill sites. Int. J. Env. Waste Manage., 21(4): 217-230.
  14. Trivedy, R.K. and P.K. Goel. 1986. Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental Publication, Karad, India.
  15. Aneja, K.R. 1996. Experiments, in microbiology, plant pathology, tissue culture and mushroom cultivation (2nd edn). Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi. pp 130-132.
  16. Gupta, P.K. 2001. Methods in environmental analysis: Water, soil and air. Agrobios, India.
  17. APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the estimation of water and wastewater (21st edn). American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
  18. ISO/IEC: 17025. 2017. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NEPLAS scheme. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
  19. APHA-3111B. 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: Direct air-acetylene flame method (18 edn). American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
  20. US EPA. 2013a. Indicators: Dissolved oxygen. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-dissolved-oxygen. Accessed on 07 October, 2023.
  21. US EPA. 2013b. Indicators: Conductivity. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-conductivity. Accessed on 07 October 2023.
  22. US EPA. 2013c. National aquatic resource surveys. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys. Accessed on 07 October 2023.
  23. Bangani, L., et al. 2023. Impacts of illegal solid waste dumping on the water quality of the Mthatha river. Water Practice Tech., 18(5): 1011-1021.
  24. Choudhury, M., et al. 2022. Investigation of groundwater and soil quality near to a municipal waste disposal site in Silchar, Assam, India. Int. J. Energy Water Resour., 6: 37–47.
  25. Adhikari, B. and S.N. Khanal. 2015. Qualitative study of landfill leachate from different ages of landfill sites of various countries including Nepal. J. Env. Sci. Toxicol. Food Tech., 9(1): 2319-2399.
  26. Sun, X. and Y. Yi. 2021. Acid washing of incineration bottom ash of municipal solid waste: Effects of pH on removal and leaching of heavy metals. Waste Manage., 120: 183-192.
  27. Bhagat, R. 2017. Some physico-chemical parameters of Keshaliya river, Morang district, eastern Nepal. J. TUTA. 52-57.
  28. Ellis, M.M. 1937. Detection and measurement of stream pollution. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries. 48: 365-437.
  29. Limbu, S., et al. 2023. Design and performance evaluation of wastewater treatment plant at Biratnagar metropolitan city. Proceedings of 13th IOE Graduate Conference. pp 190-196.
  30. Shrestha, A. K. and N. Basnet. 2018. An evaluation of physico-chemical analysis and water quality index of Ratuwa river of Damak, Jhapa, Nepal. Int. J. Recent Res. Rev., 11(2): 1-9.
  31. Prasad, B.S.R.V., et al. 2014. Dynamics of dissolved oxygen in relation to saturation and health of an aquatic body: A case for Chilka lagoon, India. J. Ecosystems. DOI: 10.1155/2014/526245.
  32. IC Control. 2022. Available at: https://iccontrols. com/products/ppm-dissolved-oxygen. Accessed on 18 January 2024.
  33. Shrestha, J. N. 2017. Anthropogenic impacts on Keshalia river, eastern Nepal. Nepalese J. Biosci., 7(1): 105-111. DOI: 10.3126/njbs.v7i1.417 96.
  34. Pokharel, R. 2004. Surface water quality monitoring in Biratnagar Dharan industrial corridor. Doctoral dissertation. Institute of Forestry, Tribhuwan University, Nepal.
  35. Das, B. D., R.K. Mishra and S.K. Choudhary. 2021. Groundwater quality in Biratnagar of Morang district, Nepal. Int. J. Res. Granthalaya., 9(5): 368-377. DOI: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i5.2021. 3961.
  36. NDWQS. 2022. National water quality standard, 2079. Available at: https://mows.gov.np/en/detail/post/2447. Accessed on 26 October 2023.
  37. Manandhar, D. 2005. Environmental situation of Nepal. Ministry of Forest and Environment, Government of Nepal.
  38. Sankhla, M.S., et al. 2016. Heavy metals contamination in water and their hazardous effect on human health- A review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 5: 759–766.
  39. Chaturvedi, A.D., et al. 2015. Ecotoxic heavy metals transformation by bacteria and fungi in aquatic ecosystem. World J. Microbiol. Biotech., 31: 1595–1603. DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1911-5.
  40. Jaiswal, A., A. Verma and P. Jaiswal. 2018. Detrimental effects of heavy metals in soil, plants and aquatic ecosystems and in humans. J. Env. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 37(3): 183-197.
IJEP Logo

Quick Link

Menu

Query Form

    Contact Us

    Indian Journal of Environmental Protection,
    Kalpana Corporation, Kalpana Bhawan,
    N 10/60 H-12, Shyama Nagar
    P.O. Bajardiha, Varanasi – 221106

    Phone Number : +91 8130034876

    Email: kalpanacorp81@gmail.com

    Websites : www.e-ijep.co.in

    Copyright © 2024 Indian Journal of Environmental Protection | Kalpana Corporation