IJEP 44(8): 734-741 : Vol. 44 Issue. 8 (August 2024)
Neha Mumtaz*, Mohammad Hashim Siddiqui, Tabish Izhar and Syed Aqeel Ahmad
Integral University, Department of Civil Engineering, Lucknow – 226 026, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Groundwater pollution caused by chromium is a significant concern due to its potential harm to human health. Traditional solutions to this problem can be expensive and environmentally damaging. This study proposes an innovative and eco-friendly method to detect and combat chromium contamination in groundwater. They use agricultural waste materials, like rice straw and groundnut shells. The concentration of total chromium was measured using a technique called ICP-MS. Chromium exists in different forms, mainly Cr (III) and Cr (VI). Cr (III) is less harmful and is found in some foods and supplements, while Cr (VI) is highly toxic and can be produced by industrial processes, like metal finishing and leather tanning. Cr (VI) exposure can cause respiratory issues, cancer risks, skin problems and gastrointestinal effects. The study collected samples from a region in Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, India and analyzed factors, like water pH, electrical conductivity, various chemicals and chromium levels. One sample had a high chromium concentration of 152.50 mg/L and the researchers used different plant-based materials to address this issue. They found that a combination of 75% rice straw and 25% groundnut shells was most effective in significantly reducing the chromium content, lowering it from 152.50 mg/L to just 11.30 mg/L. The results underline how using natural materials, such as rice straw and groundnut shells can effectively absorb and reduce total chromium levels. This study presents a feasible and environmentally aware method for decreasing the amounts of chromium in water that has been contaminated.
Keywords
Rice straw, Groundnut shells, Total chromium, Column experiment method, ICP-MS
References
- Robles-Camacho, J. and M.A. Armienta. 2000. Natural chromium contamination of groundwater at León Valley, México. J. Geochem. Exploration. 68(3): 167-181.
- Mumtaz, N., et al. 2022. Utilizing artificial intelligence for environmental sustainability. In Artificial intelligence for renewable energy systems. Wood-head Publishing. pp 259–279. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90396-7.00010-9.
- Payel, S., M.A. Hashem and M.A. Hasan. 2021. Recycling biochar derived from tannery liming sludge for chromium adsorption in static and dynamic conditions. Env. Tech. Innov., 24: 102010. DOI: 10.10 16/j.eti.2021.102010.
- James, A. and D. Yadav. 2021. Valorization of coconut waste for facile treatment of contaminated water: A comprehensive review (2010–2021). Env. Tech. Innov., 24: 102075. DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.20 21.102075.
- Venkatesan, G., et al. 2021. Evaluation of chromium in vegetables and groundwater aptness for crops from an industrial (leather tanning) sector of South India. Env. Geochem. Health. 43(2): 995–1008. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00665-5.
- Khalil, U., et al. 2021. Selective removal of hexa-valent chromium from wastewater by rice husk: Kinetic, isotherm and spectroscopic investigation. Water. 13(3): 263. DOI: 10.3390/w13030263.
- Pant, B.D., et al. 2022. Efficient biosorption of hexavalent chromium from water by modified Areca nut leaf sheath. Heliyon. 8(4): e09283. DOI: 10.101 6/j.heliyon.2022.e09283.
- Bukhari, A., et al. 2022. Removal of Cr (III) from aqueous solution using Labeo rohita chitosan-based composite. Adsorption Sci. Tech., 2022(121): 1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5395720.
- Luiz, G., et al. 2019. Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by Pleurotus ostreatus. Heliyon. 5: 1450. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.
- IS 10500. 2012. Drinking water- Specification (2nd rev). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
- Manoj, S., R.R. Priya and L. Elango. 2021. Long-term exposure to chromium contaminated waters and the associated human health risk in a highly contaminated industrialised region. Env. Sci. Poll. Res., 28(4): 4276–4288. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10762-8.
- Ociñski, D., et al. 2021. Natural community of macroalgae from chromium-contaminated site for effective remediation of Cr(VI)-containing leacha-tes. Sci. Total Env., 786: 147501. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147501.
- Liu, Y., et al. 2022. Enhanced Cr (VI) stabilization in soil by chitosan/bentonite composites. Ecotoxi-col. Env. Safety. 238: 113573. DOI: 10.1016/j.eco env.2022.113573.
- Bayuo, J. 2021. An extensive review on chromium (VI) removal using natural and agricultural wastes materials as alternative biosorbents. J. Env. Health Sci. Eng., 19: 1193–1207. DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00641-w/Published.
- Tripathi, S.M. and S.R. Chaurasia. 2020. Detection of chromium in surface and groundwater and its bio-absorption using bio-wastes and vermiculite. Eng. Sci. Tech. Int. J., 23(5): 1153–1161. DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2019.12.002.
- Sharmaa, S.K., N. Mumtaz and T. Izhar. 2016. Adsorption of chromium from tannery effluent by using neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves as a low-cost adsorbent. Int. J. Emerging Tech. Eng. Res., 4(5): 236-239.
- Gautam, V., et al. 2017. An experimental investigation on slurry erosion wear characteristics of brass alloy. Mater. Today Proceedings. 4(9): 9879-9882.
- Castañeda-Figueredo, J.S., et al. 2022. Removal of lead and chromium from solution by organic peels: Effect of particle size and bio-adsorbent. Heliyon. 8(8): e10275. DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.20 22.e10 275.
- Singh, S., A. Tripathi and S.K. Srivastava. 2018. Potential biosorption of chromium (VI) from polluted groundwaters by Limonia acidissima bark. Poll. Res., 37(1): 177–183.
- Razzak, S.A., et al. 2022. A comprehensive review on conventional and biological-driven heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater. Env. Adv., 7: 100168. DOI: 10.1016/j.envadv.2022. 100168.
- Gómez-Carnota, D., J.L. Barriada and R. Herrero. 2022. Green development of iron doped silica gel materials for chromium decontamination. J. Env. Chem. Eng., 10(5): 108258. DOI:10.1016/j.jece. 2022.108258.
- Al-Homaidan, A.A., et al. 2018. Potential use of green algae as a biosorbent for hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 25(8): 1733–1738. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.201 8.07.011.
- Siuki, A.K., et al. 2021. Comparing natural and mineral adsorbents in removing chromium from aquatic environment. Ain Shams Eng. J., 12(3): 2593–2601. DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2021.02.019.
- IS 3025-11. 1983. Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater. Part 11: pH value. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
- IS 3025-14. 1984. Method of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater. Part 14: Specific conductance (Wheatstone Bridge, conductance cell) (1st rev). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
- IS 2720-2. 1973. Methods of test for soils. Part 2: Determination of water content. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
- IS 3025-32. 1988. Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater. Part 32: Chloride. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
- IS 3025-24. 1986. Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater. Part 24: Sulphates. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
- IS 3025-16. 1984. Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater. Part 16: Filterable residue (total dissolved solids). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
- IS 3025-45. 1993. Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater. Part 45: Sodium and potassium. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
