Geochemical Water Quality Assessment of Ground and Surface Water of Bhopal City, India: A New Status

By /

IJEP 45(4): 363-375 : Vol. 45 Issue. 4 (April 2025)

Full Text

Prashant Pandey1, Anjali Tiwari2* and Arti Malviya2

1. LNCT University, Department of Engineering Chemistry, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal – 462 022, Madhya Pradesh, India
2. RGPV University, Department of Engineering Chemistry, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal – 462 022, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract

This work represents the water quality assessment of surface and groundwater sources of the Bhopal city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The sixteen physico-chemical parameters have been checked on a monthly basis for 10 months in accordance with APHA (2017) [1]. The water was collected from the tubewells and reservoirs located in Bhopal. The nine water samples were tested monthly, including four surface water and five groundwater samples. The findings were subjected to a water quality index study and mathematical modelling was used to draw conclusions. The physico-chemical data was also investigated for the Gibbs and Piper plot and it was inferred that both water sources belong to rock dominance with NaHCO3 hydrochemical facies. The high iron (Fe) content of the groundwater site, Kolua Khurd (3.33 mg/L), exceeded the permissible limit (1.0 mg/L) given by the World Health Organization (WHO). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) value (53.85 mg/L) for the upper lake indicated contamination of the principal drinking water source due to highly oxidizable inorganic pollutants from the city. The water quality index (WQI) values (189.11>180.82>178.89>159.4) for surface water sites, namely SW3, SW1, SW4 and SW2, respectively, suggested that the quality of water is deteriorating here. The WQI values (241.74>175.39> 141.93>141.15>132.09) for groundwater sites, such as GW4, GW3, GW5, GW1 and GW2, are informed that water is poor and of low quality. The other parameters ensure the safe drinking parameters of water. The results showed that the water sources in Bhopal are getting unsuitable and polluted for drinking purposes. They should be chemically treated for future needs.

Keywords

Physico-chemical analysis, Surface water, Groundwater, Water quality assessment, Water quality index, Gibbs plot, Piper plot

References

  1. APHA. 2017. Standards methods for the examination of water and wastewater (23rd edn). American Public Health Association.
  2. Malik, S., K. Pachori and A. Dubey. 2014. Water quality management of water sources in Bhopal city: challenges and scope. Int. Res. J. Env. Sci., 3(3): 22–26.
  3. Jain, R.K., et al. 2012. Potentiality of Kolar dam water for drinking purposes. Food Sci. Qual. Manage., 3: 18–22.
  4. Choudhary, R., P. Rawtani and M. Vishwakarma. 2011. Comparative study of drinking water quality parameters of three man-made reservoirs, that is Kolar, Kaliasote and Kerwa dam. Curr. World Env., 6(1): 145–149.
  5. Bashir, S. and M. Samarth. 2022. A study on a few physico-chemical parameters of water with special reference to the upper lake of Bhopal. Appl. Eco. Env. Sci., 10 (11): 679–684. doi: 10.12691/aees-10-11-3.
  6. Choudhary, R., P. Rawtani and M. Vishwakarma. 2010. Study of physico-chemical parameters of Kolar dam in different seasons. J. Chem. Chem. Sci., 1(1): 87–92.
  7. Meride, Y. and B. Ayenew. 2016. Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on residents health in Wondo Genet campus, Ethiopia. Env. Sys. Res., 5(1). DOI: 10.1186/s40068-016-0053-6.
  8. Ji, Y., J. Wu and Y. Wang. 2020. Seasonal variation of drinking water quality and human health risk assessment in Hanchengcity of Guanzhong plain, China. Expo. Health. 12: 469–485. DOI: 10.1007/s12403-020-00357-6.
  9. Shukla, R., et al. 2023. Assessment of fish biodi-versity in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of the Kolar river, M.P., India. Int. J. Fishes Aqu. Stud., 11(2): 96–100. DOI: 10.22271/fish. 2023.v11.i2b.2793.
  10. Singh, N. and M. Samarth. 2021. Determination of water standards of upper lake Bhopal, India. Uttar Pradesh J. Zool., 42(7): 75–82.
  11. WHO. 2022. Guidelines for drinking water quality (4 edn). Incorporating the Ist and IInd addenda. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  12. IS 10500. 2021. specification for drinking water. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
  13. Khan, S., et al. 2013. Drinking water quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan. J. Clean. Prod., 60: 93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro. 2012.02.016.
  14. Watkar, A., et al. 2017. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters of Kolarriver samples with reference to Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Int. J. Res. Biosci. Agri. Tech., 2(5): 756-764.
  15. Zhang, Q., P. Xu and H. Qian. 2020. Groundwater quality assessment using improved water quality index (WQI) and human health risk (HHR) evaluation in a semi-arid region of northwest China. Expo. Health. 12: 487–500. DOI: 10.1007/s12403-020-00345-w.
  16. Rahman, M. M., M.A. Islam and M. B. Daza. 2018. Spatio-temporal assessment of groundwater quality and human health risk: A case study in Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Expo. Health. 10: 167–188. DOI: 10.10 07/s12403-017-0253-y.
  17. Liner, F., E. D. Sunkari and B. A. Senbas. 2020. Geochemical and multivariate statistical evaluation of trace elements in groundwater of Nigde municipality, south central Turkey: Implications for contamination and human health risk assessment. Arch. Env. Cont. Toxicol., 80(1):164-182. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00759-2.
  18. Adimalla, N. and H. Qian. 2019. Groundwater quality evaluation using the water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nangamur, South India. Ecol. Env. Safety. 176: 153–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019. 03.066.
  19. Madilonga, R. T., J. N. Edokpayi and E. T. Volenzo. 2021. Water quality assessment and evaluation of human health risk in Mutangwi river, Limpopo province, South Africa. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health. 18(6765): 1–16. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136765.
  20. Karunanidhi, D., P. Arvinthasmay and T. Subramani. 2020. Revealing drinking water quality issues and possible health risks based on the water quality index (WQI) method in the Shanmuganadhi river basin of South India. Env. Geol. Health. 43(2): 931-948. doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00613-3.
  21. Zhang, Q., P. Xu and H. Qian. 2019. Assessment of groundwater quality and human health risk (HHR) evaluation of nitrate in the central western Guan-zhong basin, China. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health. 16 (4246): 1–16. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16214246.
  22. Haihan, Z., et al. 2024. Multivariate statistical and bioinformatic analyses for the seasonal variations of actinobacterial community structures in a drinking water reservoir. J. Env. Sci., 137: 1-17.
  23. Noori, R., et al. 2022. A non-threshold model to estimate carcinogenic risk of nitrate-nitrite in drinking water. J. Clean. Prod., 363: 132432.
  24. Parween, S., et al. 2022. Assessment of urban river water quality using modified NSF water quality index model at Siliguri city, West Bengal, India. Env. Sustain. Indic., 16: 100202.
  25. Lan, L., et al. 2023. An advanced remote sensing retrieval method for urban non-optically active water quality parameters: An example from Shanghai. Sci. Total Env., 880: 163389.
  26. Rajkumar, H., P.K. Naik and M.S. Rishi. 2022. A comprehensive water quality index based on analytical hierarchy process. Eco. Ind., 145: 109582.
  27. Unigwe, C.O. and J.C. Egbueri. 2023. Drinking water quality assessment based on statistical analysis and three water quality indices (MWQI, IWQI and EWQI): A case study. Env. Develop. Sustain., 25(1): 686-707.
  28. Ram, A., et al. 2021. Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework. Appl. Water Sci.,11: 46. DOI: 10.1007 /s13201-021-01376-7.
  29. Chabuk, A., et al.2020. Water quality assessment along Tigris river (Iraq) using water quality index (WQI) and GIS software. Arab J. Geosci., 13: 654. DOI: 10.1007/s12517-020-05575-5.
  30. Mahammad, S., A. Islam and P.K. Shit. 2023. Geo-spatial assessment of groundwater quality using entropy-based irrigation water quality index and heavy metal pollution indices. Env. Sci. Poll. Res., 30: 116498–116521. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20665-5.
  31. Khan, M.H.R.B., et al. 2023.  Evaluation of the surface water quality using global water quality index (WQI) models: Perspective of river water pollution. Sci. Rep.,13: 20454. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47137-1.
  32. Yang, H., et al. 2023. Water quality assessment of deep learning-improved comprehensive pollution index: a case study of Dagu river, Jiaozhou bay, China. Env. Sci. Poll. Res.,30: 66853–66866. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27174-z.
  33. Yang, Y., et al. 2023. Groundwater quality assessment using EWQI with updated water quality classification criteria: A case study in and around Zhouzhi County, Guanzhong basin (China). Expo. Health. 15: 825–840. DOI: 10.1007/s12403-022-00526-9.
  34. Fu, D., et al.2022. Development of modified integrated water quality index to assess the surface water quality: A case study of Tuo river, China. Env. Monit. Assess., 194: 333. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09998-3.
  35. Fatima, S.U., et al. 2022. Geospatial assessment of water quality using principal components analysis (PCA) and water quality index (WQI) in Basho valley, Gilgit Baltistan (northern areas of Pakistan). Env. Monit. Assess., 194: 151. DOI: 10. 1007/s1 0661-022-09845-5.
  36. Fathi, P., et al. 2022. Revised Iranian water quality index (RIWQI): a tool for the assessment and management of water quality in Iran. Env. Monit. Assess., 194: 504. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10 121-9.
  37. Kouadri, S., et al. 2021. Performance of machine learning methods in predicting water quality index based on irregular dataset: application on Illizi region (Algerian southeast). Appl. Water Sci., 11: 190. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-021-01528-9.
  38. Nayak, A., G. Matta and D.P. Uniyal. 2023. Hydro-chemical characterization of groundwater quality using chemometric analysis and water quality indices in the foothills of Himalayas. Env. Develop. Sustain.,25: 14229-14260. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02661-4.
  39. Ustaoðlu, F., et al.2021. Comprehensive assessment of water quality and associated health risk by using physico-chemical quality indices and multivariate analysis in Terme river, Turkey. Env. Sci. Poll. Res.,28: 62736–62754. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15135-3.
  40. Mogane, L.K., et al. 2023. A comprehensive review of water quality indices for lotic and lentic ecosystems. Env. Monit. Assess., 195: 926. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11512-2.
  41. Tasan, S. 2023. Estimation of groundwater quality using an integration of water quality index, artificial intelligence methods and GIS: Case study, central mediterranean region of Turkey. App. Water Sci.,13: 15. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-022-01810-4.
  42. Jehan, S., et al. 2020. Evaluation of the Swat river, northern Pakistan, water quality using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index (WQI) model. Env. Sci. Poll. Res.,27: 38545–38558. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09688-y.
  43. Masood, A., et al. 2022. Integrating water quality index, GIS and multivariate statistical techniques towards a better understanding of drinking water quality. Env. Sci. Poll. Res.,29: 26860–26876. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17594-0.
  44. Carpenter, S., A. Bhawsar and M. A. Bhat. 2018. Comparative study of physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water in Bhopal, India. Int. J. Curr. Res. Life Sci., 7(2): 923–926.
  45. Namdev, G.R., A. Bajpai and S. Malik. 2011. Eutro-phication through agricultural runoff in Kaliasote reservoirs of Bhopal (M.P.). Int. J. Theo. Appl. Sci., 3 (1): 4-6.
  46. Silawat, R. and R. Chouhan. 2021. Analysis of the water quality of the river Kaliasote, Bhopal (M.P.), India. J. Sci. Tech. Res., 3(1). DOI: 10.51514/JSTR.3.1.2021.30-33.
  47. Nihalani, S. and A. Meeruty. 2021. Water quality index evaluation for major rivers in Gujarat. Env. Sci. Poll. Res.,28: 63523–63531. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10509-5.
  48. Atta, H.S., M.A.S. Omar and A.M. Tawfik. 2022. Water quality index for assessment of drinking groundwater purpose case study: area surrounding Ismailia canal, Egypt.J. Eng. App. Sci.,69: 83. DOI: 10.1186/s44147-022-00138-9.
  49. Cankaya, S., M. Varol and A. Bekleyen. 2023. Hydrochemistry, water quality and health risk assessment of streams in Bismil plain, an important agricultural area in southeast Turkiye. Env. Poll., 331: 121874.
  50. Swain, S., S. Sahoo and A.K. Taloor. 2022. Groundwater quality assessment using geospatial and statistical approaches over Faridabad and Gurgaon districts of National Capital Region, India. App. Water Sci.,12: 75. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-022-01604-8.
  51. Abdessamed, D., et al. 2023. Groundwater quality assessment for sustainable human consumption in arid areas based on GIS and water quality index in watershed of Ainsefra (SW of Algeria). Env. Earth sci., 82 (21): 510.
  52. Gaur, N., et al. 2022. Evaluation of water quality index and geochemical characteristics of surface water from Tawang, India. Sci. Rep.,12: 11698. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14760-3.
  53. Chen, S.S., et al. 2022. Assessment of urban river water pollution with urbanization in East Africa. Env. Sci. Poll. Res.,29: 40812–40825. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18082-1.
  54. Sunitha, V. and B.M. Reddy. 2022. Geochemical characterization, deciphering groundwater quality using pollution index of groundwater (PIG), water quality index (WQI) and geographical information system (GIS) in hard rock aquifer, South India. Appl. Water Sci., 12: 41. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-021-01527-w.
IJEP Logo

Quick Link

Menu

Query Form

    Contact Us

    Indian Journal of Environmental Protection,
    Kalpana Corporation, Kalpana Bhawan,
    N 10/60 H-12, Shyama Nagar
    P.O. Bajardiha, Varanasi – 221106

    Phone Number : +91 8130034876

    Email: kalpanacorp81@gmail.com

    Websites : www.e-ijep.co.in

    Copyright © 2024 Indian Journal of Environmental Protection | Kalpana Corporation